Beta Radiation Burns In Animals, Plants And Humans, From Medical Radiation, Nuclear Bombs, Nuclear Accidents, And More

Almost all radiation burns come from man made radioactive elements, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation. To learn more about the dangers of these types of radiation, go to;

Alpha Particles, Beta Particles and Gamma Radiation Explained
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/alpha-particles-beta-particles-and.html

AN EXAMPLE OF RADIATION BURNS AT FUKUSHIMA

Radiation burns are caused by exposure to high levels of radiation. Levels high enough to cause burn are generally lethal if received as a whole-body dose, whereas they may be treatable if received as a shallow or local dose.

WHAT IS BETA RADIATION?

BETA RADIATION BURNS

"Beta burns" are shallow surface burns, usually of skin and less often of lungs or gastrointestinal tract, caused by beta particles, typically from hot particles or dissolved radionuclides that came to direct contact with or close proximity to the body. They can appear similar to sunburn. Unlike gamma rays, beta emissions are stopped much more effectively by materials and therefore deposit all their energy in only a shallow layer of tissue, causing more intense but more localized damage. On cellular level, the changes in skin are similar to radiodermatitis.

High doses of radiation can cause rapid browning of skin, known as "nuclear tan".

HOT PARTICLES ON SKIN

The dose is influenced by relatively low penetration of beta emissions through materials. The cornified keratine layer of epidermis has enough stopping power to absorb beta radiation with energies lower than 70 keV. Further protection is provided by clothing, especially shoes. The dose is further reduced by limited retention of radioactive particles on skin; a 1 millimeter particle is typically released in 2 hours, while a 50 micrometer particle usually does not adhere for more than 7 hours. Beta emissions are also severely attenuated by air; their range generally does not exceed 6 feet (1.8 m) and intensity rapidly diminishes with distance.[13]

BETA RADIATION BURNS ON EYES

The eye lens seems to be the most sensitive organ to beta radiation,[14] even in doses far below maximum permissible dose. Safety goggles are recommended to attenuate strong beta.[15]

BETA RADIATION BURNS ON PLANTS

Beta burns can occur also to plants.

PREVENTION OF EXTERIOR BETA BURNS

Careful washing of exposed body surface, removing the radioactive particles, may provide significant dose reduction. Exchanging or at least brushing off clothes also provides a degree of protection.

BETA BURN TIME LAG FOR FIRST SYMPTOMS

If the exposure to beta radiation is intense, the beta burns may first manifest in 24–48 hours by itching and/or burning sensation that last for one or two days, sometimes accompanied by hyperaemia. After 1–3 weeks burn symptoms appear; erythema, increased skin pigmentation (dark colored patches and raised areas), followed by epilation and skin lesions. Erythema occurs after 5–15 Gy, dry desquamation after 17 Gy, and bullous epidermitis after 72 Gy.[13]

Chronic radiation keratosis may develop after higher doses. Primary erythema lasting more than 72 hours is an indication of injury severe enough to cause chronic radiation dermatitis. Edema of dermal papillae, if present within 48 hours since the exposition, is followed by transepidermal necrosis. After higher doses, the malpighian layer cells die within 24 hours; lower doses may take 10–14 days to show dead cells.[16]

INHALATION OF BETA RADIATION - BURNS LUNGS AND NASAL REGION

Inhalation of beta radioactive isotopes may cause beta burns of lungs and nasopharyngeal region, ingestion may lead to burns of gastrointestinal tract; the latter being a risk especially for grazing animals.

FIRST DEGREE BETA RADIATION BURNS

In first degree beta burns the damage is largely limited to epidermis. Dry or wet desquamation occurs; dry scabs are formed, then heal rapidly, leaving a depigmented area surrounded with irregular area of increased pigmentation. The skin pigmentation returns to normal within several weeks.

SECOND DEGREE BETA RADIATION BURNS

Second degree beta burns lead to formation of blisters.

THIRD AND FOURTH DEGREE BETA RADIATION BURNS

Third and fourth degree beta burns result in deeper, wet ulcerated lesions, which heal with routine medical care after covering themselves with dry scab. In case of heavy tissue damage, ulcerated necrotic dermatitis may occur. Pigmentation may return to normal within several months after wound healing.[13]

Lost hair begins regrowing in 9 weeks and is completely restored in about half a year.[17]

KELOIDS AFTER BETA RADIATION BURNS

DOSE DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BETA RADIATION ON SKIN

The acute dose-dependent effects of beta radiation on skin are as follows:[18]

2–6 Gy transient erythema 2–24 h

3–5 Gy dry desquamation in 3–6 weeks

3–4 Gy temporary epilation in 3 weeks

10–15 Gy erythema 18–20 days

15–20 Gy moist desquamation

25 Gy ulceration with slow healing

30–50 Gy blistering, necrosis in 3 weeks

100 Gy blistering, necrosis in 1–3 weeks

FLUOROSCOPY

Fluoroscopy may cause burns if performed repeatedly or for too long.[10]

A study of radiation induced skin injuries[28][29] has been performed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on results from 1994,[30]followed by an advisory to minimize further fluoroscopy-induced injuries.[31] The problem of radiation injuries due to fluoroscopy has been further investigated in review articles in 2000,[32] 2001,[33][34] 2009[35] and 2010.[36][37][38]

RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT AFTER NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS

Beta burns are frequently the result of exposure to radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions or nuclear accidents. Shortly after the explosion, thefission products have very high beta activity, with about two beta emissions per each gamma photon.

BETA RADIATION BURNS ON ANIMALS

After the Trinity test, the fallout caused localized burns on the backs of cattle in the area downwind.[39] The fallout had the appearance of small flaky dust particles. The cattle showed temporary burns, bleeding, and loss of hair. Dogs were also affected; in addition to localized burns on their backs, they also had burned paws, likely from the particles lodged between their toes as hoofed animals did not show problems with feet.

About 350–600 cattle were affected by superficial burns and localized temporary loss of dorsal hair; the army later bought 75 most affected cows as the discolored regrown hair lowered their market value.[40] The cows were shipped to Los Alamos and Oak Ridge, where they were observed. They healed, now sporting large patches of white fur; some looked like being scalded.[41]

The Upshot-Knothole Harry test at the Frenchman Flat site released a large amount of fallout. A significant amount of sheep died after grazing on contaminated areas. The AEC however had a policy to compensate farmers only for animals showing external beta burns, so many claims were denied. Other tests on the Nevada Test Site also caused fallout and corresponding beta burns to sheep, horses and cattle.[44] During the Operation Upshot-Knothole, sheep as far as 50 miles (80 km) from the test site suffered beta burns to their backs and nostrils.[43]

BETA BURNS FROM NUCLEAR TESTS

The fallout produced by the Castle Bravo test was unexpectedly strong. A white snow-like dust, nicknamed by the scientists "Bikini snow" and consisting of contaminated crushed calcined coral, fell for about 12 hours upon the Rongelap Atoll, depositing layer of up to 2 cm. Residents suffered beta burns, mostly on the backs of their necks and on their feet,[39] and were resettled after three days.

After 24–48 hours their skin was itching and burning; in a day or two the sensations subsided, to be followed after 2–3 weeks by epilation and ulcers. Darker-colored patches and raised areas appeared on their skin, blistering was uncommon. Ulcers formed dry scabs and healed. Deeper lesions, painful, weeping and ulcerated, formed on more contaminated residents; the majority healed with simple treatment. In general, the beta burns healed with some cutaneous scarring and depigmentation. Individuals who bathed and washed the fallout particles from their skin did not develop skin lesions.[18]

The fishing ship Daigo Fukuryu Maru was affected by the fallout as well; the crew suffered skin doses between 1.7–6.0 Gy, with beta burns manifesting as severe skin lesions, erythema, erosions, sometimes necrosis, and skin atrophy. 23 U.S. radar servicemen of the 28-member weather station on Rongerik [42]were affected, experiencing discrete 1-4 mm skin lesions which healed quickly, and ridging of fingernails several months later.

Sixteen crew members of the aircraft carrier USS Bairoko received beta burns and there was an increased cancer rate.[13]

During the Zebra test of the Operation Sandstone in 1948 three men suffered beta burns on their hands when removing sample collection filters from drones flying through the mushroom cloud; their estimated skin surface dose was 28 to 149 Gy and their disfigured hands required skin grafts. Fourth man shown weaker burns after the earlier Yoke test.[43]

During underground nuclear testing in Nevada, several workers developed burns and skin ulcers, in part attributed to exposure to tritium.[45]

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS AND BETA RADIATION BURNS

CHERNOBYL

Beta burns were a serious medical issue for some victims of the Chernobyl disaster; from 115 patients treated in Moscow, 30% had burns covering 10–50% of body surface, 11% were affected on 50–100% of skin; the massive exposure was often caused by clothes drenched with radioactive water. Some firefighters suffered beta burns of lungs and nasopharyngeal region after inhalation of massive amounts of radioactive smoke.

Out of 28 deaths, 16 had skin injuries listed among the causes. The beta activity was extremely high, with beta/gamma ratio reaching 10–30 and beta energy high enough to damage basal layer of the skin, resulting in large area portals for infections, exacerbated by damage to bone marrow and weakened immune system.

Some patients received skin dose of 400–500 Gy. The infections caused more than half of the acute deaths. Several died of fourth degree beta burns between 9–28 days after dose of 6–16 Gy. Seven died after dose of 4–6 Gy and third degree beta burns in 4–6 weeks. One died later from second degree beta burns and dose 1-4 Gy.[45] The survivors have atrophic skin which is telangiectactic and with underlying fibrosis.[13]

The burns may manifest at different times at different body areas. The Chernobyl liquidators burns first appeared on wrists, face, neck and feet, followed by chest and back, then by knees, hips and buttocks.[46]

INDUSTRIAL RADIATION CAUSED BETA BURNS

Industrial radiography sources are a common source of beta burns in workers.

RADIATION THERAPY

Radiation therapy sources can cause beta burns during exposure of the patients. The sources can be also lost and mishandled, as in the Goiânia accident, during which several people suffered external beta burns and more serious gamma burns, and several died. Numerous accidents also occur during radiotherapy due to equipment failures, operator errors, or wrong dosage.

ELECTRON BEAMS

Electron beam sources and particle accelerators can be also sources of beta burns.[47] The burns may be fairly deep and require skin grafts, tissueresection or even amputation of fingers or limbs.[48]

RADIATION DERMATITIS

Radiation dermatitis (also known as radiodermatitis) is a skin disease associated with prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation.[3]:131–2 Radiation dermatitis occurs to some degree in most patients receiving radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy.[4]

There are three specific types of radiodermatitis: acute radiodermatitis, chronic radiodermatitis, and eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy.[3]:39–40 Radiation therapy can also cause radiation cancer.[3]:40

With interventional fluoroscopy, because of the high skin doses that can be generated in the course of the intervention, some procedures have resulted in early (less than two months after exposure) and/or late (two months or more after exposure) skin reactions, including necrosis in some cases.[5]:773

Radiation dermatitis, in the form of intense erythema and vesiculation of the skin, may be observed in radiation ports.[3]:131

As many as 95% of patients treated with radiation therapy for cancer will experience a skin reaction. Some reactions are immediate, while others may be later (e.g., months after treatment).[6]

ACUTE RADIATION DERMATITIS

Acute radiodermatitis occurs when an "erythema dose" of ionizing radiation is given to the skin, after which visible erythema appears up to 24 hours after.[3]:39 Radiation dermatitis generally manifests within a few weeks after the start of radiotherapy.[4]:143 Acute radiodermatitis, while presenting as red patches, may sometimes also present with desquamation or blistering.[7] Erythema may occur at a dose of 2 Gy radiation or greater.[8]

Chronic

CHRONIC RADIATION DERMATITIS

Chronic radiodermatitis occurs with chronic exposure to "sub-erythema" doses of ionizing radiation over a prolonged period, producing varying degrees of damage to the skin and its underlying parts after a variable latent period of several months to several decades.[3]:40 In the past this type of radiation reaction occurred most frequently in radiologists and radiographic technologists who were constantly exposed to ionizing radiation.[3]:40Restated, chronic radiodermatitis, squamous and basal cell carcinomas may develop months to years after radiation exposure.[7]:130[9] Clinically, chronic radiodermatitis presents as atrophic indurated plaques, often whitish or yellowish, with telangiectasia, sometimes with hyperkeratosis.[7]:130

Other[edit]

COBALT RADIOTHERAPY

Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy is a skin condition that occurs most often in women receiving cobalt radiotherapy for internal cancer.[3]:39–40

Radiation-induced erythema multiforme may occur when phenytoin is given prophylactically to neurosurgical patients who are receiving whole-brain therapy and systemic steroids.[3]:130

DELAYED EFFECTS

Radiation acne is a cutaneous condition characterized by comedo-like papules occurring at sites of previous exposure to therapeutic ionizing radiation, skin lesions that begin to appear as the acute phase of radiation dermatitis begins to resolve.[10]:501

RADIATION RECALL REACTIONS

Radiation recall reactions occur months to years after radiation treatment, a reaction that follows recent administration of a chemotherapeutic agent and occurs with the prior radiation port, characterized by features of radiation dermatitis.[11][3] Restated, radiation recall dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction that occurs in a previously irradiated body part following drug administration.[12] There does not appear to be a minimum dose, nor an established radiotherapy dose relationship.[12]

RADIATION BURN

A radiation burn is damage to the skin or other biological tissue caused by exposure to radiation. The radiation types of greatest concern are thermal radiation, radio frequency energy, ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation.

Beta Radiation Burns In Animals, Plants And Humans, From Medical Radiation, Nuclear Bombs, Nuclear Accidents, And More
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/beta-radiation-burns-in-animals-and.html

SUNBURN

The most common type of radiation burn is a sunburn caused by UV radiation.

X RAY RADIATION BURNS

High exposure to X-rays during diagnostic medical imaging or radiotherapy can also result in radiation burns. As the ionizing radiation interacts with cells within the body—damaging them—the body responds to this damage, typically resulting in erythema—that is, redness around the damaged area.

RADIATION INDUCED CANCER

Radiation burns are often associated with radiation-induced cancer due to the ability of ionizing radiation to interact with and damage DNA, occasionally inducing a cell to become cancerous.

CAVITY MAGNETRONS

Cavity magnetrons can be improperly used to create surface and internal burning. Depending on the photon energy, gamma radiation can cause very deep gamma burns, with 60Co internal burns are common. Beta burns tend to be shallow as beta particles are not able to penetrate deep into the person; these burns can be similar to sunburn.

RADIO TRANSMITTER BURNS

Radiation burns can also occur with high power radio transmitters at any frequency where the body absorbs radio frequency energy and converts it to heat.[1] The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) considers 50 watts to be the lowest power above which radio stations must evaluate emission safety.

Frequencies considered especially dangerous occur where the human body can become resonant, at 35 MHz, 70 MHz, 80-100 MHz, 400 MHz, and 1 GHz.[2] Exposure to microwaves of too high intensity can cause microwave burns.

WIKIPEDIA

Via anne December 15, 2013 "The medical profession is obviously addicted to using beta emitters: “There are many beta emitters. You can find fact sheets for several of them at the Radionuclides page:

• tritium

• cobalt-60

• strontium-90

• technetium-99

• iodine-129 and -131

• cesium-137”

“Does the way a person is exposed to beta particles matter?

“Yes. Direct exposure to beta particles is a hazard, because emissions from strong sources can redden or even burn the skin. However, emissions from inhaled or ingested beta particle emitters are the greatest concern. Beta particles released directly to living tissue can cause damage at the molecular level, which can disrupt cell function. Because they are much smaller and have less charge than alpha particles, beta particles generally travel further into tissues. As a result, the cellular damage is more dispersed….”

http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/beta.html

3WASIF

مواضيع مفضلة