137 Species Being Lost Per Day, 50,000 Per Year Versus Dolly The Cloned Sheep; Birth, Life, Death And Legacy

Dolly (sheep)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dolly's taxidermied remains

Other appellation(s) 6LLS (code name)

Species Domestic Sheep, Finn-Dorset

Sex Female

Born 5 July 1996

Roslin Institute

Died 14 February 2003 (aged 6)

Roslin Institute

Resting place National Museum of Scotland(remains on display)

Nation from United Kingdom (Great Britain)

Known for First mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell

Offspring Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton)

Named after Dolly Parton[1]

HISTORY

Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.[2][3] She was cloned byIan Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at theRoslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.[4] She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease 5 months before her seventh birthday.[1] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources includingBBC News and Scientific American.[5][6]

The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's".[1]

Birth

Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers (one provided the egg, another the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term).[7] She was created using the technique ofsomatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.[8] Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal. The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a maturedifferentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[9] Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.[1] It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in TIME Magazine featured Dolly the sheep.[10] Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal to be cloned, she gained this attention in the media because she was the first to be cloned from an adult cell.[11]

Life

The cloning process that produced Dolly

Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[1]The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that.[12] In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[13]

Death

On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung (cancer) and severe arthritis.[14] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived to be 6.5 years old. 

A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called Jaagsiekte,[15] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[16] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[14] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons.

Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[17] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the ageing process.[18][19] The Roslin Institute have stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[17]

Legacy

After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,[20][21] deer,[22] horses and bulls.[23] The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[24] 

The reprogramming process cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[25][26] Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient (Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts - although by 2014 Chinese scientists were reported to have 70-80% success rates cloning pigs[21]) Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[27]

Attempt At 'Saving' Endangered Species

Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species.[28] In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, in Zaragoza, northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[29][30]"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)

ISSUES AROUND ANIMAL CLONING

The problem with cloning is that it avoids any specific actions to create a more sustainable global village that is living in harmony with Nature, and not causing harm to seven future generations. Instead of working on making human and animal processes more sustainable, cloning is going the other way, pulling all human and animal interactions with Nature further away from sustainability. Instead of working on the root issues that are causing over 100 extinctions PER DAY, the largest, must unsustainable companies are creating high cost technologies that make everything even more unsustainable, while avoiding, minimizing and distracting from the real issues. 

Dr. Robert Lanza; Stem Cell Cloning Advances And Promises/Products Coming Out Of GMO Industry Explored
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/dr-robert-lanza-stem-cell-cloning.html

Secret Labs Producing GMO Human Clones And Human/Animal Hybrids, Resulting In GMO Animals With Human Capabilities, New Human Species
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/secret-labs-producing-human-clones-and.html

Human Fertility Clinics Drive Human Cloning Attempts - At $50,000 Per Attempt, It Will Make Them Very Rich
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/human-fertility-clinics-drive-human.html

Dr. Robert Lanza; Stem Cell Cloning Advances And Promises/Products Coming Out Of GMO Industry Explored
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/dr-robert-lanza-stem-cell-cloning.html

137 SPECIES BEING LOST PER DAY, 50,000 SPECIES PER YEAR

Species loss is accelerating - and now stands at 137 species PER DAY being lost permanently, forever.

Experts estimates that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation. That equates to 50,000 species a year.

http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm#.U15ObfldWHQ

PLANET IS IN MIDDLE OF SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION EVENT

Our planet is now in the midst of its sixth mass extinction of plants and animals — the sixth wave of extinctions in the past half-billion years. We’re currently experiencing the worst rate of species die-offs since the loss of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/biodiversity/elements_of_biodiversity/extinction_crisis/

FIRST HUMAN CAUSED EXTINCTION EVENT

WWF; "The rapid loss of species we are seeing today is estimated by experts to be between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate.* These experts calculate that between 0.01 and 0.1% of all species will become extinct each year. If the low estimate of the number of species out there is true - i.e. that there are around 2 million different species on our planet** - then that means between 200 and 2,000 extinctions occur every year. But if the upper estimate of species numbers is true - that there are 100 million different species co-existing with us on our planet - then between 10,000 and 100,000 species are becoming extinct each year."

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/biodiversity/biodiversity/

Worldwatch reports; "The world is on the brink of a massive extinction event, according to the United Nations. Rapid releases of greenhouse gas emissions are changing habitats at a rate faster than many of the world's species can tolerate. "Indeed the world is currently facing a sixth wave of extinctions, mainly as a result of human impacts," said Achim Steiner, executive director of the U.N. Environment Programme in a statement. 

A study earlier this year in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science said the current extinction period, known as the Holocene extinction event, may be the greatest event in the Earth's history and the first due to human actions. Unlike previous events, however, extinctions are happening over the course of decades rather than centuries. Recent studies suggest that a quarter of the world's species may go extinct by 2050."

http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5960

Hundreds of links; http://www.mysterium.com/extinction.html

45 + NEGATIVE TIPPING POINTS LEADING TO EXTINCTION

The world is headed in the wrong direction as far as sustainability, and the causes of these tipping points are human created. 

2014 - List of 45+ Negative Global Tipping Points; via @AGreenRoad
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/04/2014-list-of-45-global-tipping-points.html

It is time to take emergency action to reverse the extinction process of all life on Earth.

End

137 Species Being Lost Per Day, 50,000 Per Year, Versus Dolly The Cloned Sheep; Birth, Life, Death And Legacy
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/08/dolly-cloned-sheep-birth-life-death-and.html

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Table Of Contents
http://tinyurl.com/agrindex
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Links To Other Notable Organizations; via @AGreenRoad

http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/04/links-to-other-notable-organizations.html

Email Contact; agreenroad at gmail.com

What works for seven future generations, without causing harm?