Movie trailer
Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World.
Dr. John Henrik Clarke
Wikipedia; "The Middle Passage consists of a slave trade route between Africa and other countries.
Commercial goods from Europe were shipped to Africa for sale and traded for enslaved Africans. Africans were in turn brought to the regions depicted in blue, in what became known as the "Middle Passage". African slaves were thereafter traded for raw materials, which were returned to Europe to complete the "Triangular Trade".
MIDDLE PASSAGE
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people fromAfrica[1] were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials,[2] which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were a large financial undertaking, and they were generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals.[3]
The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America. The close quarters and intentional division of pre-established African communities by the ship crew motivated captive Africans to forge bonds of kinship which then created forced transatlantic communities.[4] These newly established bonds greatly impacted and altered African identity and culture within each community. It was a significant contributing aspect to the slaves' survival of the "Middle Passage" and carried into their life in America.
Traders from the Americas and Caribbean received the enslaved Africans. European powers such as Portugal, England, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, andBrandenburg, as well as traders from Brazil and North America, took part in this trade. The enslaved Africans came mostly from eight regions: Senegambia, Upper Guinea, Windward Coast, Gold Coast, Bight of Benin, Bight of Biafra, West Central Africa and Southeastern Africa.[5]
UP TO 4 MILLION SLAVE DEATHS
An estimated 15% of the Africans died at sea, with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships.[6] The total number of African deaths directly attributable to the Middle Passage voyage is estimated at up to two million; a broader look at African deaths directly attributable to the institution of slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million African deaths.[7]
For two hundred years, 1440–1640, Portuguese slavers had a near monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. During the eighteenth century, when the slave trade transported about 6 million Africans, British slavers carried almost 2.5 million.[8]
JOURNEY
Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade. (From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791.)
The duration of the transatlantic voyage varied widely,[2] from one to six months depending on weather conditions. The journey became more efficient over the centuries; while an average transatlantic journey of the early sixteenth century lasted several months, by the nineteenth century the crossing often required fewer than six weeks.[9]
The African slave trade was preceded by slave trade among the African peoples. Often, the spoils of war would include able-bodied men and women from the enemy's village, who were taken and used as unpaid labor for the victors. In addition, the lowest classes of people in Africa were treated as subhuman, and often their labor, even in their own village, was unpaid, and/or forced labor that was mandated by the chief, and endorsed/practiced by the entire village. The opportunity to sell these slaves, or trade them for goods that were not available in Africa, was a natural extension of the treatment these people were receiving in their own home. This allowed the slave trade to flourish thoroughly, since there was initially little to no opposition among the African people.[10]
However, other accounts of the slave trade led some to believe that the Africans were not accustomed to selling their people, enemies or otherwise, and that they were actually corrupted by the Europeans. Ludwig Romer’s account of the many interactions of Europeans and Africans in Africa, especially concerning the Middle Passage, cast reasonable doubt over the continued willingness of the Africans to sell other Africans into slavery.
He quotes the Africans on the coast of Guinea, a major slave port, as saying that they had begun to regret selling human beings, because they were not benefiting as much as the Europeans from this trade, and were beginning to see how sending the slaves to a new country, where they would be even more alienated and abused, was immoral and cruel.[11][
African kings, warlords and private kidnappers sold captives to Europeans who held several coastal forts. The captives were usually force-marched to these ports along the western coast of Africa, where they were held for sale to the European or American slave traders in the barracoons. Typical slave ships contained several hundred slaves with about thirty crew members.
The male captives were normally chained together in pairs to save space; right leg to the next man's left leg — while the women and children may have had somewhat more room. The captives were fed beans, corn, yams, rice, and palm oil. Slaves were fed one meal a day with water, but if food was scarce, slaveholders would get priority over the slaves.Sometimes captives were allowed to move around during the day, but many ships kept the shackles on throughout the arduous journey.
Most contemporary historians estimate that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the New World.[12][13] Disease and starvation due to the length of the passage were the main contributors to the death toll with amoebic dysentery and scurvy causing the majority of deaths. Additionally, outbreaks of smallpox, syphilis, measles, and other diseases spread rapidly in the close-quarter compartments.
The rate of death increased with the length of the voyage, since the incidence of dysentery and of scurvy increased with longer stints at sea as the quality and amount of food and water diminished. In addition to physical sickness, many slaves became too depressed to eat or function efficiently due to loss of freedom, family, security, and their own humanity.
SAILING TECHNOLOGIES
In the 18th century's Atlantic market economy, the need for profits drove changes in ship designs and in managing human cargo, which included enslaved Africans and the mostly white crew. Improvements in air flow on board the ships helped to decrease the infamous mortality rate that these ships had become known for throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The new designs that allowed ships to navigate faster and into rivers' mouths ensured access to many more enslaving posts along the West African coast.[14]
The monetary value of enslaved Africans in any given American auction-block during the mid-18th century ranged between $800 and $1,200, which in modern times would be equivalent to $32,000–48,000 apiece ($100 then is now worth $4,000 due to inflation). Therefore ship captains and investors sought technologies that would protect their human cargo.[15]
Throughout the height of the Atlantic slave trade (1570-1808), slave ships were normally smaller than traditional cargo ships, with most slave ships weighing between 150 and 250 tons. This equated to about 350 to 450 enslaved Africans on each slave ship, or 1.5 to 2.4 per ton. The English ships of the time normally fell on the larger side of this spectrum and the French on the smaller side. Ships purposely designed to be smaller and more maneuverable were meant to navigate the African coastal rivers into farther inland ports; these ships therefore increased the effects of the slave trade on Africa.
Additionally, the ships' sizes increased slightly throughout the 1700s; however the number of enslaved Africans per ship remained the same. This reduction in the ratio of enslaved Africans to ship tonnage was designed to increase the amount of space per person and thus improve the survival chances of everyone on board.
These ships also had temporary storage decks which were separated by an open latticework or grate bulkhead, Ship masters would presumably use these chambers to divide enslaved Africans and help prevent mutiny. Some ships developed by the turn of the 19th century even had ventilation ports built into the sides and between gun ports (with hatches to keep inclement weather out). These open deck designs increased airflow and thus help improve survival rates, diminishing potential investment losses.[14]
Another major factor in “cargo protection” was the increase in knowledge of diseases and medicines (along with the inclusion of a variety of medicines on the ships). First the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century, followed by some other countries and companies in the late 18th early 19th centuries, realized that the inclusion of surgeons and other medical practitioners aboard their ships was an endeavor that proved too costly for the benefits.
So instead of including medical personnel they just stocked the ships with a large variety of medicines; while this was better than no medicines, and given the fact that many crew members at least had some idea of how disease was spread, without the inclusion of medical personnel the mortality rate was still very high in the 18th century.[16]
SLAVE TREATMENT AND RESISTANCE
While treatment of slaves on the passage was varied, slaves' treatment was often horrific because the captured African men and women were considered less than human; they were "cargo", or "goods", and treated as such; they were transported for marketing. Women with children were not as desirable for they took up too much space and toddlers were not wanted because of the everyday hassle.[17] For example, the Zong, a British slaver, took too many slaves on a voyage to the New World in 1781. Overcrowding combined with malnutrition and disease killed several crew members and around 60 slaves.
Bad weather made the Zong's voyage slow; the captain decided to drown his slaves at sea, so the owners could collect insurance on the slaves. Over 100 slaves were killed and a number of slaves chose to kill themselves. The Zong incident became fuel for the abolitionist movement and a major court case, as the insurance company refused to compensate for the loss.
While slaves were generally kept fed and supplied with drink, as healthy slaves were more valuable, if resources ran low on the long, unpredictable voyages, the crew received preferential treatment. Slave punishment was very common, as on the voyage the crew had to turn independent people into obedient slaves.
Whipping and use of the cat o' nine tailswere a common occurrence; sometimes slaves were beaten for "melancholy".[citation needed]Pregnant women on the ships who delivered their babies aboard risked the chance of their children being killed in order for the mothers to be sold.[17] The worst punishments were for rebelling; in one instance a captain punished a failed rebellion by killing one involved slave immediately, and forcing two other slaves to eat his heart and liver.[18]
SUICIDE
Slaves resisted in a variety of ways. The two most common types of resistance were refusal to eat and suicide. Suicide was a frequent occurrence, often by refusal of food or medicine or jumping overboard, as well as by a variety of other opportunistic means.[19] Over the centuries, some African peoples, such as the Kru, came to be understood as holding substandard value as slaves, because they developed a reputation for being too proud for slavery, and for attempting suicide immediately upon losing their freedom.[20]
Both suicide and self-starving were prevented as much as possible by slaver crews; slaves were often force-fed or tortured until they ate, though some still managed to starve themselves to death; slaves were kept away from means of suicide, and the sides of the deck were often netted.[citation needed] Slaves were still successful, especially at jumping overboard. Often when an uprising failed, the mutineers would jump en masse into the sea. Slaves generally believed that if they jumped overboard, they would be returned to their family and friends in their village, or to their ancestors, in the afterlife.[21]
Suicide by jumping overboard was such a problem that captains had to address it directly in many cases. They used the sharks that followed the ships as a terror weapon. One captain, who had a rash of suicides on his ship, took a woman and lowered her into the water on a rope, and pulled her out as fast as possible. When she came in view, the sharks had already killed her—and bitten off the lower half of her body.[22]
Uprisings[edit]
Slave uprisings were fairly common, but few were successful (notably that on the La Amistad, which had a key effect on abolitionism in the United States):
When we found ourselves at last taken away, death was more preferable than life, and a plan was concerted amongst us, that we might burn and blow up the ship, and to perish all together in the flames.[23]
The number of participants varied widely, often the uprisings would end with the death of a few slaves and crew, and the surviving rebels were punished or executed to be made examples to the rest of the slaves on board.
AFRICAN RELIGION
Slaves also resisted through certain manifestations of their religions and mythology. They would appeal to their gods for protection and vengeance upon their captors, and would also try to curse and otherwise harm the crew using idols and fetishes. One crew found fetishes in their water supply, placed by slaves who believed it would kill all who drank from it.[21]
SAILORS AND CREW
The sailors experienced subpar conditions and were often employed through coercion. Sailors generally knew about and hated the slave trade, so, at port towns, recruiters and tavern owners would induce sailors to become very drunk (and indebted), and then offer to relieve their debt if they signed contracts with slave ships. If they did not, they would be imprisoned. Sailors in prison had a hard time getting jobs outside of the slave ship industry, since most other maritime industries would not hire "jail-birds", so they were forced to go to the slave ships anyway.[24]"
BOOKS
For the novel by Charles R. Johnson, see Middle Passage (novel). For the travelogue by V. S. Naipaul, see The Middle Passage (book). For the 1999 film by Guy Deslauriers, see Passage du milieu.
US SUPREME COURT RULES THAT SLAVES ARE NOT CITIZENS AND HAVE NO RIGHTS
Not only did slaves have no rights, women and Indians did not have any either. According to the original 'founders', only rich white men could vote or own property. Women were treated much like slaves back then, as they could not own property, vote or get into high political or church office.. So the battle to give everyone (slaves, Indians, women) voting rights and equality in all ways has been going on for a few hundred years now. Slowly but surely, progress is being made, and this gives cause for hope. Keep fighting the good fight, because if this much can be done, think of what greater things can also be done.
Wikipedia; "In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution. Lincoln denounced the decision, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power.[98] Lincoln argued, "The authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended 'to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity', but they 'did consider all men created equal—equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'."[99]
HOUSE DIVIDED SPEECH
After the state Republican party convention nominated him for the U.S. Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."[100] The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the North.[101] The stage was then set for the campaign for statewide election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas as its U.S. senator.[102]
Lincoln in 1858, the year of his debates with Stephen Douglas over slavery.
On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bellof the new Constitutional Union Party. He was the first president from the Republican Party. His victory was entirely due to the strength of his support in the North and West; no ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states.[124]
MANY STATES SECEDED FROM THE UNION
As Lincoln's election became evident, secessionists made clear their intent to leave the Union before he took office the next March.[128] On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.[129][130]Six of these states then adopted a constitution and declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America.[129] The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal.[131] President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.[132]
En route to his inauguration by train, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.[140] The president-elect then evaded possible assassins in Baltimore, who were uncovered by Lincoln's head of security, Allan Pinkerton.
Main articles: American Civil War and Battle of Fort Sumter
CIVIL WAR STARTED OVER SECESSION AND REBELLION
After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln realized the importance of taking immediate executive control of the war and making an overall strategy to put down the rebellion. Lincoln encountered an unprecedented political and military crisis, and he responded as commander-in-chief, using unprecedented powers. He expanded his war powers, and imposed a blockade on all the Confederate shipping ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, and after suspending habeas corpus, arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers and anti-war figures. Lincoln was supported by Congress and the northern public for these actions. In addition, Lincoln had to contend with reinforcing strong Union sympathies in the border slave states and keeping the war from becoming an international conflict.[156]
Lincoln presents the first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. Painted by Francis Bicknell Carpenter in 1864
CONGRESS BANNED SLAVERY IN 1862 ON ALL FEDERAL LANDS
On June 19, 1862, endorsed by Lincoln, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory. In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act was passed, which set up court procedures that could free the slaves of anyone convicted of aiding the rebellion. Although Lincoln believed it was not within Congress's power to free the slaves within the states, he approved the bill in deference to the legislature. He felt such action could only be taken by the Commander-in-Chief using war powers granted to the president by the Constitution, and Lincoln was planning to take that action. In that month, Lincoln discussed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. In it, he stated that "as a fit and necessary military measure, on January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves in the Confederate states will thenceforward, and forever, be free".[187]
Privately, Lincoln concluded at this point that the slave base of the Confederacy had to be eliminated. However Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification. Republican editor Horace Greeley of the highly influential New York Tribunefell for the ploy,[188] and Lincoln refuted it directly in a shrewd letter of August 22, 1862. The President said the primary goal of his actions as president (he used the first person pronoun and explicitly refers to his "official duty") was preserving the Union:[189]
My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union ... [¶] I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.[190]
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and put into effect on January 1, 1863, declared free the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas already under Union control in two states.[191] Lincoln spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters in the 1862 off-year elections by warning of the threat freed slaves posed to northern whites.[192]
3 MILLION SLAVES IN CONFEDERATE TERRITORY WERE EVENTUALLY FREED
Once the abolition of slavery in the rebel states became a military objective, as Union armies advanced south, more slaves were liberated until all three million of them in Confederate territory were freed. Lincoln's comment on the signing of the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper."[193] For some time, Lincoln continued earlier plans to set up colonies for the newly freed slaves. He commented favorably on colonization in the Emancipation Proclamation, but all attempts at such a massive undertaking failed.[194] A few days after Emancipation was announced, 13 Republican governors met at the War Governors' Conference; they supported the president's Proclamation, but suggested the removal of General George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army.[195]
SLAVES ENLISTED AS UNION TROOPS
Enlisting former slaves in the military was official government policy after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Andrew Johnson, the military governor of Tennessee, encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once".[196] By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.[197] Frederick Douglass once observed of Lincoln: "In his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color".[198]
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
The only confirmed photo of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg, some three hours before the speech.
In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal". He defined the war as an effort dedicated to these principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy in the world would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a profound objective: a new birth of freedom in the nation.[201][202]
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the high casualties on both sides to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll concludes it ranks "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world".[223]
Lincoln said:
Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said 3,000 years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.[224]
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN SLAVERY FAILED ONCE, PASSED THE SECOND TIME
After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, which did not apply to every state, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the entire nation with a constitutional amendment. Lincoln declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter".[229] By December 1863, a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was brought to Congress for passage. This first attempt at an amendment failed to pass, falling short of the required two-thirds majority on June 15, 1864, in the House of Representatives.
Passage of the proposed amendment became part of the Republican/Unionist platform in the election of 1864. After a long debate in the House, a second attempt passed Congress on January 31, 1865, and was sent to the state legislatures for ratification.[230][231]Upon ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.[232]
In March 1861, in Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints in the American system. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."[242]
SUMMARY
Many people claim that the US is the greatest nation on Earth. When it comes to the diversity of cultures, races and religions that comprise the United States today, it is. The US does have and enjoys some hard won freedoms and rights that other countries like Communist China do not offer their citizens, so it is great in that way too. The US has a wide variety of religions that can be worshiped by anyone, and no one is forcing citizens to believe any particular God or Holy Book, so it is great in that way as well.
Really 'great' things like this are built on top of a foundation of myths, misconceptions and outright lies, which are hidden away in a deep dark closet that very few will dare talk about or even mention. Why can't these things be talked about? Fear and apathy are two things that make up the elephant in the room.. See no evil, hear no evil and speak no evil are the watchword of the mass media and education system, when it comes to talking about what REALLY happened historically speaking.
The United States of Apathy
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-united-states-of-apathy.html
Wouldn't you agree that it would be more realistic to view both the light and dark, so that the whole truth can be seen? Anything that is suppressed has a way of coming out anyway, so why not deal with the whole truth?
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-us-is-still-greatest-nation-on.html
The history of the United State is based on the slave trade of human beings, as well as the genocide of the American Indians. The US still celebrates 'Columbus Day' as an official holiday, but this whole historical 'fact' is nothing but a myth, perpetuated to serve the interests of an empire built on violence, suffering, death, war, conquest and slavery. There was nothing peaceful about the takeover of the American continent.
Historical Myth; Columbus 'Discovered' America; The Canary Effect; via A Green Road
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2012/12/historical-myth-columbus-discovered.html
19 To 100 Million Native American' Indians Exterminated By Illegal Immigrant 'Settlers'; via @AGreenRoad
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2013/05/19-to-100-million-native-american.html
To this day, the US government has not apologized to the American Indians that were the original inhabitants of the American continent for tens of thousands of years before the 'settlers' arrived. The word to use should be occupiers or invaders, because that is the truth. The Japanese got a settlement and an apology, for having everything taken away from them and then being thrown by force into a prisoner of war camp during WWII. Why did the Japanese get paid and receive a formal apology, but the American Indians didn't? Texas was taken away from Mexico by force, and Hawaii was taken from the long line of tribal kings.
Bottom line, much of the wealth that the 1% enjoy today was built on the foundation of an illegal military hostile takeover, making and then breaking treaties, forcing citizens of the Indian nation to move onto worthless reservations, and taking their resources by force. Once occupied, the 'settlers' set about forcing slaves to produce wealth that made America what it is today. That violent and hidden takeover of wealth owned by others continues on today. To understand the issues and problems faced by the US today, one has to understand these violent roots.
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/p/corporations-art-and-science-of.html
Although the US may be the greatest in some ways, it also has built into it, some huge defects and hidden secrets, which are fatal flaws, dooming the empire to eventual self destruction unless dealt with honestly and out in the open, via a transparent process of reconciliation, paradigm shifting and forgiveness on all sides.
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Africa and it's process of open forgiveness after Apartheid provides an example of how this can work. Hiding the secrets and pretending that the US has no defects or dark things in the closet that need to be taken to the dump will serve no one, except for the 1% who profit from keeping the secrets hidden away.
Thanks for your generous and very appreciated support!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Time Donation - AGRP Online Magazine - Monthly Donation - AGRP Online Magazine
A Green Road Eco Clothing/Products Store - Shop At A Green Road Amazon Store
More ways to support A Green Road Projects - AGRP Website - Twitter - Facebook
Get Magazine Delivered To Your Email Address - AGRP App For Smartphones - Index
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Africa and it's process of open forgiveness after Apartheid provides an example of how this can work. Hiding the secrets and pretending that the US has no defects or dark things in the closet that need to be taken to the dump will serve no one, except for the 1% who profit from keeping the secrets hidden away.
End
Global Slave Trade And The Middle Passage; Up To 4 Million Slaves Died Or Were Killed
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/10/global-slave-trade-and-middle-passage.html
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/10/global-slave-trade-and-middle-passage.html
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