All elements above uranium are artificial and man made. These man made elements are created in a nuclear lab, cylotron, nuclear power plant or in a high energy particle research facility by nuclear scientists. As the chemist explains in the video above, curium is an element that you do not want to mess around with, because it is too radioactive and dangerous.
WHAT IS CURIUM?
As with all man made radioactive elements, there is not just one form of radioactive Curium, but many. This is why there are thousands of toxic radioactive elements coming out of all nuclear reactors, not just the short lived radioactive elements that are talked about on the mass media. Curium is the most toxic and most dangerous, but it is very hard to detect and measure, so it does not show up on Geiger Counters for example, much like Tritium. Other radioactive elements are released in much larger amounts and are easier to detect, such as strontium and cesium for example.
Wikipedia; "About 20 radioisotopes and 7 nuclear isomers between 233Cm and 252Cm are known for curium, and no stable isotopes. The longest half-lives have been reported for 247Cm (15.6 million years) and 248Cm (348,000 years).
Other long-lived isotopes are 245Cm (half-life 8500 years),250Cm (8,300 years) and 246Cm (4,760 years). Curium-250 is unusual in that it predominantly (about 86%) decays via spontaneous fission. The most commonly used curium isotopes are 242Cm and 244Cm with the half-lives of 162.8 days and 18.1 years, respectively.[11]
NEGATIVE TRANSMUTATION OF CURIUM AND OTHER ELEMENTS
Negative Transmutation flow between 238Pu and 244Cm in LWR.[41]
Fission percentage is 100 minus shown percentages.
Total rate of transmutation varies greatly by nuclide.
245Cm–248Cm are long-lived with negligible decay.
All isotopes between 242Cm and248Cm, as well as 250Cm, undergo a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction and thus in principle can act as a nuclear fuel in a reactor. As in most transuranic elements, the nuclear fission cross section is especially high for the odd-mass curium isotopes 243Cm, 245Cm and 247Cm.
These can be used in thermal-neutron reactors, whereas a mixture of curium isotopes is only suitable for fast breeder reactors since the even-mass isotopes are not fissile in a thermal reactor and accumulate as burn-up increases.[42] The mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, which is used in power reactors, should contain little or no curium because the neutron activation of 248Cm will create californium.
CURIUM IS A STRONG NEUTRON RADIATION EMITTER
This is strong neutron emitter, and would pollute the back end of the fuel cycle and increase the dose to reactor personnel. Hence, if the minor actinides are to be used as fuel in a thermal neutron reactor, the curium should be excluded from the fuel or placed in special fuel rods where it is the only actinide present.[43]
The table to the right lists the critical masses for curium isotopes for a sphere, without a moderator and reflector. With a metal reflector (30 cm of steel), the critical masses of the odd isotopes are about 3–4 kg. When using water (thickness ~20–30 cm) as the reflector, the critical mass can be as small as 59 gram for 245Cm, 155 gram for 243Cm and 1550 gram for 247Cm. There is a significant uncertainty in these critical mass values. Whereas it is usually of the order 20%, the values for 242Cm and 246Cm were listed as large as 371 kg and 70.1 kg, respectively, by some research groups.[42][44]
CURIUM IS FOUND IN ALL NUCLEAR BOMB AREAS, PLUMES AND FALLOUT DOWNWIND
Currently, curium is not used as a nuclear fuel owing to its low availability and high price.[45] 245Cm and 247Cm have a very small critical mass and therefore could be used in portable nuclear weapons, but none have been reported thus far. Curium-243 is not suitable for this purpose because of its short half-life and strong α emission which would result in excessive heat.[46] Curium-247 would be highly suitable, having a half-life 647 times that of plutonium-239.
Several isotopes of curium were detected in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.
Curium is produced artificially, in small quantities for research purposes. Furthermore, it occurs in spent nuclear fuel. The longest-lived isotope of curium, 247Cm, has a half-life of 15.6 million years. Therefore, any primordial curium has decayed by now.
Curium is present in certain areas used for the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, which were conducted between 1945 and 1980.[47] So the analysis of the debris at the testing site of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb, Ivy Mike, (1 November 1952, Enewetak Atoll), beside einsteinium, fermium, plutonium and americium also revealed isotopes of berkelium, californium and curium, in particular 245Cm, 246Cm and smaller quantities of 247Cm, 248Cm and 249Cm. For reasons of military secrecy, this result was published only in 1956.[48]
CURIUM BINDS TO SOIL PARTICLES
Atmospheric curium compounds are poorly soluble in common solvents and mostly adhere to soil particles. Soil analysis revealed about 4,000 times higher concentration of curium at the sandy soil particles than in water present in the soil pores. An even higher ratio of about 18,000 was measured in loam soils.[49]
A few atoms of curium can be produced by neutron capture reactions and beta decay in very highly concentrated uranium-bearing deposits.[50]
CURIUM BINDS TO ORGANIC MOLECULES
Formation of the complexes of the type Cm(n-C3H7-BTP)3, where BTP stands for 2,6-di(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine, in solutions containing n-C3H7-BTP and Cm3+ ions has been confirmed by EXAFS. Some of these BTP-type complexes selectively interact with curium and therefore are useful in its selective separation from lanthanides and another actinides.[26][75] Dissolved Cm3+ ions bind with many organic compounds, such as hydroxamic acid,[76] urea,[77] fluorescein[78] and adenosine triphosphate.[79]
Many of these compounds are related to biological activity of various microorganisms. The resulting complexes exhibit strong yellow-orange emission under UV light excitation, which is convenient not only for their detection, but also for studying the interactions between the Cm3+ ion and the ligands via changes in the half-life (of the order ~0.1 ms) and spectrum of the fluorescence.[27][76][77][78][79]
Curium is also a common starting material for the production of higher transuranic elements and transactinides. Thus, bombardment of 248Cm with oxygen (18O) or magnesium (26Mg) yielded certain isotopes of seaborgium (265Sg) and hassium (269Hs and 270Hs).[86] Californium was discovered when a microgram-sized target of curium-242 was irradiated with 35 MeV alpha particles using the 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron at Berkeley.
CURIUM USED IN X RAY SPECTROMETERS ON SPACE VEHICLES
The most practical application of 244Cm — though rather limited in total volume — is as α-particle source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers (APXS). These instruments were installed on the Sojourner, Mars, Mars 96, Mars Exploration Rovers and Philae comet lander,[88] as well as the Mars Science Laboratory to analyze the composition and structure of the rocks on the surface of planet Mars.[89] APXS was also used in the Surveyor 5–7 moon probes but with a 242Cm source.[49][90][91]
NEGATIVE HEALTH EFFECTS OF CURIUM
In the bones, curium accumulates on the inside of the interfaces to the bone marrow and does not significantly redistribute with time; it's radiation destroys bone marrow and thus stops red blood cell creation.
The biological half-life of curium is about 20 years in the liver and 50 years in the bones.[47][49]
Curium is absorbed in the body much more strongly via inhalation, and the allowed total dose of 244Cm in soluble form is 0.3 μC.[14]
Intravenous injection of 242Cm and 244Cm containing solutions to rats increased the incidence of bone tumor, and inhalation promoted pulmonary and liver cancer.[47]
Curium isotopes are inevitably present in spent nuclear fuel with a concentration of about 20 g/tonne.[93] Among them, the 245Cm–248Cm isotopes have decay times of thousands of years and need to be removed to neutralize the fuel for disposal.[94] The associated procedure involves several steps, where curium is first separated and then converted by neutron bombardment in special reactors to short-lived nuclides. This procedure, nuclear transmutation, while well documented for other elements, is still being developed for curium.[26]"
VanneV October 11, 2014 Curium: The longest-lived isotope is 247Cm, with a half-life of 15.6 million years. Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
“There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of mixed alpha-particle emitters (radium-224, radium-226, thorium-227, thorium-228, thorium-230, thorium-232, neptunium-237, plutonium-238, plutonium-239 (together with plutonium- 240), americium-241, curium-244, californium-249 and californium-252). /Radium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, Californium/
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).
Available at:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php p. V78 478 (2001)] **PEER REVIEWED**
“Internalized radionuclides that emit alpha-particles are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). In making this overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the following: Alpha-particles emitted by radionuclides, irrespective of their source, produce the same pattern of secondary ionizations and the same pattern of localized damage to biological molecules, including DNA. These effects, observed in vitro, include DNA doublestrand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and cell transformation. All radionuclides that emit alpha-particles and that have been adequately studied, including radon-222 and its decay products, have been shown to cause cancer in humans and in experimental animals. Alpha-particles emitted by Alpha-particles emitted by radionuclides, irrespective of their source, have been shown to cause chromosomal aberrations in circulating lymphocytes and gene mutations in humans in vivo. The evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals suggests that similar doses to the same tissues – for example lung cells or bone surfaces – from alpha- particles emitted during the decay of different radionuclides produce the same types of non-neoplastic effects and cancers. /Americium, Plutonium, and all other alpha-emitters/…”
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php p. V78 478 (2001)] **PEER REVIEWED**
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE CURIUM AND PLUTONIUM FOUND OUTSIDE FUKUSHIMA BUILDINGS
VanneV October 11, 2014 Curium and plutonium outside Fukushima plant indicate nuclear explosion at Reactor No. 3 — Broken spent nuclear fuel rods may have been scattered
December 17th, 2011 “…Our conclusion therefore is that it [explosion of Reactor 3] may have been a nuclear explosion….”
CURIUM IS 300 TIMES WORSE AND MORE DEADLY THAN PLUTONIUM
How Dangerous Is 400-6000 Pounds Of Plutonium Nano Particle Dust Liberated By Fukushima? Via @AGreenRoad
Fukushima Plutonium Detected In EU, Lithuania And Norway - Toxicity Of Plutonium Scientific Animal Studies; via @AGreenRoad
Plutonium Mimics Iron In Body - Much More Dangerous Than Uranium, MOX Planned For Use In All Future Nuclear Power Plants; via @AGreenRoad
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2013/09/plutonium-mimics-iron-in-body-2-million.html
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BOOKS AVAILABLE FOR LEARNING MORE ABOUT CURIUM
The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War Paperback – October 10, 2000
by Eileen Welsome (Author)
VanneV October 11, 2014 “…curium, which is three hundred times more toxic than plutonium…”
“Full Body Burden: Growing Up in the Nuclear Shadow of Rocky Flats,” by Kristen Iversen, p. 102.
Full Body Burden: Growing Up in the Nuclear Shadow of Rocky Flats Hardcover – June 5, 2012
by Kristen Iversen (Author)
A Green Road Online Bookstore
CURIUM SONG/MUSIC
SUMMARY
More information on individual radioactive elements can be found at this link;
Individual Radioactive Elements/Isotopes, USA Radiation Exposure Prevention and Reversal, Music
End
Curium Is A Long Lived Radioactive Isotope, 300 Times More Deadly Than Plutonium, With A Half Life Of 15 Million Years
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/10/curium-is-long-lived-radioactive.html
http://agreenroad.blogspot.com/2014/10/curium-is-long-lived-radioactive.html
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